LINGUA LITERA

Grammatical cohesion is a study of the relation of grammatical elements that make the text unity. This research aimed to find out the types of grammatical cohesion used in the Flashlight short story by Susan Choi. There are four types of grammatical cohesion which are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction according to Halliday and Hasan’s theory. These types are very important in writing essays in order to make sentences related to each other and to enhance the reader’s understanding of the writers’ ideas. This research was qualitative research. The data was taken from the official website which was published on August 31, 2020. The data of this research was utterances in a short story. The data was analyzed based on the theory of grammatical cohesion by Halliday and Hasan. The research found 230 data. Reference was predominant with 109 occurrences (47%) that contained personal, demonstrative, and comparative reference which was realized by anaphoric and cataphoric. The conjunction was 121 occurrences (53%) with the additive, adversative, clausal, and temporal. The substitution was 1 occurrence (0,43%) with only verbal substitution where an ellipsis was not found. The finding of the research was not all types of grammatical cohesion found, namely nominal substitution, clausal substitution, nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis since the data was written text. Therefore, substitution and ellipsis were dominantly used in spoken text.


I. INTRODUCTION
A good written text needs an element to form the text unity in order to make the reader understand the text easily. This element can be used to distinguish the composition of sentences, whether the sentences are written or spoken. The element that is used to form a text is called cohesion (Brown and Yule, 1983 as cited In Sudani, Tika, and Sudana, 2017, p.47).
According to Tanskanen (2006) as cited in Tambunan (2019, p.1) cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. She points out that cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements on the surface of the text which can form connections between parts of the text. Moreover, cohesion also refers to the relation of meaning that exist within the text and that define it as a text. Thus, the main idea of cohesion is to create a text that is to be understood by the reader.
Cohesion has the function to make the inter-relatedness among the sentences or between paragraphs and other paragraphs to form the text unity. Halliday and Hasan (1976) as cited in Sudani, Tika, and Sudana (2017, p.2) identified two main subcategories of cohesion to make the text unity; namely grammatical cohesions and lexical cohesion. In this study, the writers analyzed a famous short story written by Susan Choi

Ellipsis
The essential in ellipsis is that some elements are omitted from the surface text but they are still The writers adopted steps proposed by Creswell as cited in Amaliny (2021) which are appropriate to the data. First, the writers organized and prepared the data from Flashlight short story by identifying the types of grammatical cohesion. Second, the writers collected the data by using table.
Third, the writers represented the data analysis.

IV. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The finding embraced four phases of data analysis with the research questions. The

Types of Reference
Reference is the specific nature of the information that is signaled for retrieval.
Based on the place of reference, the interpretation of reference can be divided into endophora (textual) and exophoric (situational) reference (Halliday ad Hasan, 1976, p.33 The data relating to personal pronouns are as follows: Data 1a "One thing I will always be grateful your mother forshe taught you to swim." The data above is anaphoric since it points readers backward to another word previously mentioned in the clauses. It was taken from data 1a p.1. The bold word she represents the personal reference items and refers to your mother. She is a personal pronoun that refers to the third person singular.

b. Possessive Determiners
It is a type of function word used in front of nouns to express possession or belonging. All possessive determiners data found are 248. The data related to personal pronouns is as follows: Data 2c "Why." Not asked as a question but groaned as a protest. Louisa does not want her father to talk about her mother.
The data above is anaphoric since it points readers backward to another word previously mentioned in the clauses. It was taken from data 2c p.1. The bold word her represents the personal reference items and refers to Louisa's. Her is a possessive determiner which refers to the third person singular.

c. Possessive Pronoun
Possessive pronoun is a pronoun that is used to express ownership or possession. All possessive pronoun data found are 2. The data related to possessive pronouns is as follows:

Data 38f
Louisa wiped her palm on the front of her jeans. After she and her mother had arrived in Los Angeles, her aunt had taken her shopping for jeans. All her life she'd worn skirts, kilts, jumpers, pinafore dresses, sandals, and oxfords, and now she was clad in blue jeans and red sneakers. Her body didn't feel or look like her body, which she hadn't before thought of as feeling or looking like hers.

Comparative Reference
Comparative reference is an indirect reference by means of identity or similarity (Halliday and Hasan, 1976, p.37 Dr. Brickner set to work raising the blinds, which required much more effort and time than lowering them had.
The data above is a comparative reference. It was taken from data 52d p.11.
The bold word more than represents the comparative reference items to identify the particular comparison of quantity which is effort and time. It means that Dr. Brickner needs more effort and time in his work.

Types of Substitution
Substitution is a relation between linguistic items, such as words or phrases.
In another word, it is a relation on the lexicon-grammatical level, the level of grammar and vocabulary, and linguistic form. It is also usually as a relation in the wording rather than in the meaning. The criterion is the grammar function of the substitution item. In English, the substitution may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. Then, Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.90) divide three types of substitution namely nominal, verbal, and clausal. As a result, all substitution data found is 1 which is only verbal substitution and it will be described below.

Verbal Substitution
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.112 Dr. There was nothing on his desk anymore to obstruct their calm view of each other, and Louisa wondered if he would notice, and thought that, if he did, she would find a new feeling to dress him in.
The bold word did is an element in verbal substitution. It was taken from data

Types of Ellipsis
The essential characteristic of ellipsis is something that is present in the selection of underlying (systematic) options that are omitted in the structure. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.143) ellipsis can be regarded as a substitution by zero. It is divided into three kinds, namely nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis.
As a result, there is no types of ellipsis found in the data.

Types of Conjunction
Conjunction elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly, by virtue of their specific meanings; they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the preceding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse (Halliday and Hasan, 1976, p.226). Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.238) adopt a scheme of just four categories, namely additive, adversative, clausal, and temporal. As a result, all conjunction data found are 120 which will be described below.

Additive Conjunction
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.244) additive Conjunction acts to structurally coordinate or link by adding to the presupposed item divided into positive (and, or) and negative (nor). As a result, all positive additive conjunction data found are 45 or 20% while negative additive conjunction is not found. The forms found are and, or which will be described below.

Data 2f
This is the theme of their new life, in Louisa's opinion: that Louisa and her father are two fish who should leave her beached mother behind.
The data above contained additive conjunction. It was taken from data 2f p.1.
The conjunctive system additive is intended to add related information so that two pieces of information can be joined together in one clause. The two pieces of information above are this is the theme of their new life in Louisa's opinion that Louisa and her father are two fish who should leave her beached mother behind. This conjunction is usually used to combine the information that has the same position.

Adversative Conjunction
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.250) it is a conjunction that relates two clauses that state contrasts each other. It acts also to indicate contrary to expectation and signaled by but, though, yet. As a result, all adversative conjunction data found are 28 or 12%. The forms found are but, yet, though which will be described below.
Data 2b "Why." Not asked as a question but groaned as a protest. Louisa does not want her father to talk about her mother. because of which will be described below.

Data 3d
All summer Louisa has played in the waves by herself because her mother isn't well and her father is invariably dressed in a jacket and slacks.
The data above contained clausal conjunction. It was taken from data 3d p. After she said it, there would be another brief hesitation, which Louisa didn't mind, because it showed that her mother was indeed satisfyingly hurt.
The data above contained temporal conjunction. It was taken from data 10c p.2.
It was due to the meaning of temporal