LINGUA LITERA

The purpose of this research was to identify the forms of hyperbole found in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. The research data were taken from the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. The writer applied Claridge’s theory to classify the forms of hyperbole. There are seven forms of hyperbole. They are single-word hyperbole, phrasal hyperbole, clausal hyperbole, numerical hyperbole, hyperbolic superlatives, hyperbolic comparison, and hyperbolic repetition. This study was qualitative research. This study reveals that seven forms of hyperbole according to Claridge (2011) were found in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. The forms are single-word hyperbole, phrasal hyperbole, clausal hyperbole, numerical hyperbole, the role of the superlative, comparison, and repetition. From the occurrence of all seven forms of hyperbole, it was found that the most form of hyperbole was clausal hyperbole. In conclusion, it can be said that Joseph Conrad used all forms of hyperbole in the novel Heart of Darkness.


I. INTRODUCTION
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect. Hyperbolic statements are usually obvious exaggerations intended to emphasize a point, rather than be taken as reality. Exaggeration is the first element of hyperbole (Burgers et al, 2016). When speaking hyperbolically, the speaker is exaggerating an element or feature . When speakers exaggerate, they usually want to emphasize the importance of something (Norasetkosol, Timyam & Sriussadaporn, 2012

Definitions of Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a kind of figurative language where the speaker says something while meaning another thing (Stern, 2000). In other words, the literal meaning of what is said does not match the intended meaning (Recchia, Howe, Ross & Alexander, 2010). When using hyperbole, speakers do not say X, rather they say something is more than X (Claridge, 2010). They exceed the limits that the hearers expect by using exaggeration (Burgers, Brugman, Lavalette & Steen, 2016 Furthermore, hyperbole is not only an arcane rhetorical figure but rather, similar to metaphor, it is a common feature of everyday language use (Leech 1983: 146f.). Burgers et al. (2016) define hyperbole as: 'An expression that is more extreme than justified given its ontological referent ' (p.166). In other words, they suggest that there are three main elements that will help us define what hyperbole is.
The first is an exaggeration. The second is the importance of the shift from the propositional meaning to what the speaker intended to say.
Lastly, there must be a specific referent assigned when speaking hyperbolically. It will explain each of those elements starting with exaggeration.

Type of Research
The research is qualitative. The writer used the qualitative approach to collect, analyze, interpret, and explain data and ended with a conclusion which did refer to that analysis of data.

The Method and Data Analysis
According to (Creswell, 2014) there are 5 steps of the Data

IV. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the writer is going to present the finding and discussion of the data that t h e writer has got from the analysis. and repetition (Claridge, 2011).

Single-Word Hyperbole
The first is single-word hyperbole.

Phrasal Hyperbole
Phrasal hyperbole is a certain combination of words and senses that create hyperbolic meaning. Among the other forms, this form occurs frequently.
Phrasal hyperbole is mostly noun phrases that tend to carry hyperbolic meaning, in particular, if one takes into account that the last three categories will very often be realized within a noun phrase frame as well.
(3) "Now and then a carrier dead in harness, at rest in the long grass near the path, with an empty water-gourd and his long staff lying by his side" The phrasal hyperbole is "now and then a carrier dead in harness." which can be seen in the sentence above.

Hyperbolic Superlatives
In "greatest means large in amount, size, or degree." Based on it, Gravesend, which was dark due to a drizzle, and was about to be hit by rain, was likened to a very large and best city in the world. In fact, the author emphasizes that the city is very crowded and congested.

(9) "Then I began to look for a ship-I should think the hardest work no earth."
The superlative hyperbole is  The least hyperbole used form of hyperbole in Heart of Darkness is superlative and numerical.

Suggestion
Based on the findings of this research, the writer has some suggestions. First, it is suggested to the next researchers who want to analyze hyperboles to take the source of the data containing more hyperboles so that they can analyze more data. Second, the writer suggests that students of linguistics need to study more about hyperboles so that they can understand and use hyperboles well and appropriately. Finally, it is suggested that the readers of a novel should be more aware of hyperbole so that they can understand the novel.