LINGUA LITERA Journal of English Linguistics and Literature

This research sees the translation strategies applied to cultural words in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities novel translated by Reinitha Lasmana. This research applied the descriptive qualitative method; collecting the data used the observational method by applying a non-participant observational technique and analyzing the data using the translational method that employs dividing key factors. In analyzing the data, this research applied both theories of Newmark types of cultural words and translation procedures. However, for the translation strategy, the researcher used Venuti's theories. The findings of this research show three types of cultural words are found in both novels. Secondly, seven procedures are applied in translating selected cultural words. Lastly, it is also found that the most frequent strategy applied by the translator is domestication.


INTRODUCTION
Translation becomes one of the major instruments to spread stories, inventions, and other written works widely.
The difference in language cannot be a problem in translation as long as the translator understands both the source and target language. In translating a book, a translator should transfer the message of the source language to the target language. As Bell (Bell & Candlin, 1991, p. 5)  The translation is an instrumental process in moving the messages from one source language (SL) to a particular target language (TL) by maintaining the equivalences in the target language (TL).
As Catford (Catford, 1965, p. 20) stated that the term translation tends to transfer the textual data in the source language (SL) by noticing the equivalence data in the target language (TL). Catford defines some types or categories of translation equivalence; extent (full and partial translation), levels of presentation (total and restricted translation semantics, grammar, lexical), and ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence). In addition, Bell (1991, p. 5) also said that translation is stating a particular idea in another different language within a representation of equivalent and emphasizing on preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. Larson (1984, p. 2) proposed translation as transferring the meaning from the source language to the target language.
According to Larson, translation supposes to study the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language to reconstruct the same meaning. However, culture has become the main barrier to effective and accurate translation (Newmark, 2010, p. 173). A translator must discover the procedures to transfer it to the target language and preserve the equivalent.
Regarding cultural words in novel, they are meant to attract the reader and give a sense of intimacy between the reader and the text. Therefore, most literary works such as novel contain of cultural words.
Culture as Newmark (1988, p. 94) highlighted is a way of life that cannot be separated from those who goes along with it that shall be appeared by particular habit,  (2016). The analysis of translation strategy on cultural words found in both novels is described as follows.
Word stilton is a cultural word that refers to "traditional English cheese" which belongs to material culture to describe food.
Stilton is translated into Bahasa Indonesia by using the same word "stilton." It is indicated for maintaining the original word of that novel. Therefore, the translator applies transference or loan word of procedure to translate this material culture.
The translator still mentions stilton as if in the English version.
According to the procedure that the translator applied, the strategy of translation can be said as foreignization. which is seen in 7 data, and the last one is the social culture that has been found in 2 data in the novel.
Concerning the second research question, from fifteen items of procedures that Newmark proposed, the most frequently employed procedure is throughtranslation which is applied in 8 data, followed by transference which is applied in 7 data, continues to synonymy in 4 data, couplets in also 4 data, naturalization in 2 data, modulation and compensation are the infrequent procedure that translator used. In this case, the researcher found 4 unidentified procedures that the translator applied in translating the cultural words.
The procedures Newmark proposed cannot analyze them.